NICOLA BERGAMASCHI, The European Union in the Face of U.S. Trade Aggressiveness: The Legal Implications of the Framework Agreement of 21 August 2025

ABSTRACT – With the Framework Agreement released on August 21, 2025, the EU and the US reached a compromise that ended the trade dispute from the previous month. After providing a brief overview of the events leading up to the Framework Agreement and its content, this paper focuses on its implications from the dual perspectives of international law and EU law. The analysis shows that the ambiguous legal nature of the act does not significantly affect its effects and consequences. Regarding the latter, it is argued that the compromise reached raises concerns about compliance with WTO law and, at the same time, conflicts with EU law, particularly due to its informality. With the Framework Agreement, it seems that the EU is following the US approach of disregarding both substantive and formal normative constraints. This is alarming under both multilateral and supranational law.

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